Rigakafin Ciwon Nono

Gabaɗaya Bayani Game da Ciwon Kankara

Ciwon nono cuta ce da kwayoyin cutar daji (cancer) ke fitowa a cikin kyallen nono.

Nono yana kunshe da lobes da ducts.Kowane nono yana da sassan 15 zuwa 20 da ake kira lobes, wanda ke da ƙananan sassan da ake kira lobules.Lobules suna ƙarewa a cikin ɗimbin ƙananan kwararan fitila waɗanda zasu iya yin madara.Lobes, lobules, da kwararan fitila suna haɗe da ƙananan bututu da ake kira ducts.

Kowane nono kuma yana da tasoshin jini da tasoshin lymph.Tasoshin lymph suna ɗauke da ruwa mai kusan marar launi, ruwa mai suna lymph.Tasoshin Lymph suna ɗauke da lymph tsakanin ƙwayoyin lymph.Lymph nodes ƙanana ne, sifofin wake waɗanda ke tace ƙwayoyin lymph kuma suna adana farin jini waɗanda ke taimakawa yaƙi da kamuwa da cuta.Ana samun ƙungiyoyin nodes na lymph a kusa da ƙirjin a cikin axilla (ƙarƙashin hannu), sama da kashin wuya, da kuma a cikin kirji.

Ciwon daji na nono shine nau'in ciwon daji na biyu mafi yawa a cikin matan Amurka.

Mata a Amurka suna samun kansar nono fiye da kowane nau'in ciwon daji in ban da kansar fata.Ciwon nono shi ne na biyu zuwa kansar huhu a matsayin sanadin mutuwar ciwon daji a cikin matan Amurka.Duk da haka, mace-mace daga cutar kansar nono ya ragu kaɗan a kowace shekara tsakanin 2007 zuwa 2016. Cutar sankarar mama kuma tana faruwa a cikin maza, amma adadin sabbin masu kamuwa da cuta ba su da yawa.

Rigakafin Ciwon Nono

Guje wa abubuwan haɗari da haɓaka abubuwan kariya na iya taimakawa hana ciwon daji.

Guje wa abubuwan haɗari na ciwon daji na iya taimakawa wajen hana wasu cututtuka.Abubuwan haɗari sun haɗa da shan taba, yin kiba, da rashin samun isasshen motsa jiki.Ƙara abubuwan kariya kamar barin shan taba da motsa jiki na iya taimakawa wajen hana wasu cututtukan daji.Yi magana da likitan ku ko wasu masu sana'a na kiwon lafiya game da yadda za ku iya rage haɗarin ciwon daji.

Wadannan abubuwa ne masu hadarin kamuwa da cutar kansar nono:

1. Tsufa

Tsofaffi shine babban abin haɗari ga yawancin ciwon daji.Damar kamuwa da cutar kansa yana ƙaruwa yayin da kuka tsufa.

2. Tarihin kansa na ciwon nono ko ciwon nono mara kyau (marasa ciwon daji).

Mata masu kowane ɗayan waɗannan suna da ƙarin haɗarin cutar kansar nono:

• Tarihin kansa na cutar kansar nono, ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), ko carcinoma lobular in situ (LCIS).
• Tarihin sirri na cutar nono mara kyau (marasa ciwon daji).

3. Hadarin gado na ciwon nono

Mata masu tarihin iyali na ciwon daji na nono a cikin dangi na farko (uwa, 'yar'uwa, ko 'yar) suna da haɗarin ciwon daji na nono.

Matan da suka gaji canje-canje a cikin kwayoyin halitta ko a wasu kwayoyin halitta suna da haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansar nono.Haɗarin cutar kansar nono sakamakon sauye-sauyen kwayoyin halittar da aka gada ya dogara da nau'in maye gurbi, tarihin iyali na kansa, da sauran dalilai.

4. Kyawawan nono

Samun naman nono da ke da yawa akan na'urar mammogram wani abu ne na hadarin kansar nono.Matsayin haɗarin ya dogara da yadda ƙwayar nono ke da yawa.Mata masu yawan ƙirjin ƙirjin suna da haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansar nono fiye da mata masu ƙarancin ƙirjin nono.

Ƙara yawan ƙirjin nono sau da yawa hali ne na gado, amma yana iya faruwa a cikin matan da ba su haifi 'ya'ya ba, suna da ciki na farko a ƙarshen rayuwa, shan hormones na postmenopausal, ko shan barasa.

5. Fitar da naman nono ga estrogen da aka yi a jiki

Estrogen wani hormone ne da jiki ke yi.Yana taimakawa jiki haɓaka da kiyaye halayen jima'i na mata.Kasancewa da isrogen na dogon lokaci na iya ƙara haɗarin cutar kansar nono.Matakan estrogen sun fi girma a cikin shekarun da mace take haila.

Ana ƙara yawan bayyanar da mace ga estrogen ta hanyoyi masu zuwa:

• Farkon haila: Farawar haila tun yana ɗan shekara 11 ko ƙarami yana ƙara yawan shekarun da naman nono ke nunawa ga estrogen.
• Farawa daga shekaru masu zuwa: Yayin da mace ke yawan shekarun jinin haila, yawancin nononta yana fuskantar isrogen.
• Tsofaffi a farkon haihuwa ko kuma ba a taɓa haihuwa ba: Saboda matakan isrogen ya ragu a lokacin daukar ciki, ƙwayar nono yana nunawa ga yawancin estrogen a cikin matan da suka yi ciki a karon farko bayan shekaru 35 ko waɗanda ba su yi ciki ba.

6. Shan maganin hormone don bayyanar cututtuka na menopause

Hormones, irin su estrogen da progesterone, ana iya sanya su su zama nau'in kwaya a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje.Ana iya ba da Estrogen, progestin, ko duka biyun don maye gurbin estrogen ɗin da ba a yi ba daga ovaries a cikin matan da suka shude ko matan da aka cire musu ovaries.Ana kiran wannan maganin maye gurbin hormone (HRT) ko maganin hormone (HT).Haɗin HRT/HT shine estrogen hade da progestin.Irin wannan nau'in HRT/HT yana ƙara haɗarin cutar kansar nono.Nazarin ya nuna cewa lokacin da mata suka daina shan estrogen tare da progestin, haɗarin ciwon daji na nono yana raguwa.

7. Maganin radiation zuwa nono ko kirji

Maganin radiation zuwa ƙirjin don maganin ciwon daji yana ƙara haɗarin ciwon nono, farawa shekaru 10 bayan jiyya.Hadarin ciwon nono ya dogara ne akan adadin radiation da shekarun da aka ba shi.Haɗarin ya fi girma idan an yi amfani da maganin radiation a lokacin balaga, lokacin da nono ke tasowa.

Maganin radiation don magance ciwon daji a cikin nono ɗaya baya bayyana yana ƙara haɗarin ciwon daji a cikin ɗayan nono.

Ga matan da suka gaji canje-canje a cikin kwayoyin halittar BRCA1 da BRCA2, kamuwa da cutar radiation, kamar ta x-ray na ƙirji, na iya ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansar nono, musamman ga matan da aka yi wa x-ray kafin shekaru 20.

8. Kiba

Kiba yana ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansar nono, musamman a cikin matan da suka shuɗe waɗanda ba su yi amfani da maganin maye gurbin hormone ba.

9. Shan barasa

Shan barasa yana kara haɗarin cutar kansar nono.Matsayin haɗarin yana ƙaruwa yayin da adadin barasa da ake cinyewa ya tashi.

Wadannan abubuwa ne masu kariya ga kansar nono:

1. Karancin bayyanar naman nono zuwa estrogen da jiki ke yi

Rage tsawon lokacin da ƙwayar nono ta mace ke nunawa ga estrogen na iya taimakawa wajen hana ciwon nono.Ana rage bayyanar da isrogen ta hanyoyi masu zuwa:

• Farkon ciki: Matakan isrojin sun ragu yayin daukar ciki.Matan da ke da cikakken ciki kafin su kai shekaru 20 suna da ƙananan haɗarin ciwon nono fiye da matan da ba su haifi 'ya'ya ba ko waɗanda suka haifi ɗansu na farko bayan shekaru 35.
• Shayar da nono: Matakan isrojin na iya zama ƙasa da ƙasa yayin da mace ke shayarwa.Matan da suke shayarwa suna da ƙarancin kamuwa da cutar kansar nono fiye da matan da suka haifi yara amma ba su shayar da nono ba.

2. Shan maganin hormone na estrogen-kawai bayan hysterectomy, zaɓin masu karɓar isrogen receptor modulators, ko masu hana aromatase da inactivators.

Estrogen-kawai maganin hormone bayan hysterectomy

Ana iya ba da maganin hormone tare da estrogen kawai ga matan da suka sami mahaifa.A cikin waɗannan matan, maganin isrogen-kawai bayan menopause na iya rage haɗarin ciwon nono.Akwai ƙarin haɗarin bugun jini da cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini a cikin matan da suka shuɗe waɗanda ke ɗaukar isrogen bayan an yi musu tiyata.

Zaɓuɓɓukan masu karɓar mai karɓar isrogen

Tamoxifen da raloxifene na cikin dangin magungunan da ake kira selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs).SERMs suna aiki kamar estrogen akan wasu kyallen takarda a cikin jiki, amma suna toshe tasirin estrogen akan sauran kyallen takarda.

Jiyya tare da tamoxifen yana rage haɗarin isrogen receptor-positive (ER-positive) ciwon nono da ductal carcinoma a wuri a cikin premenopausal da matan postmenopausal a babban haɗari.Jiyya tare da raloxifene kuma yana rage haɗarin ciwon nono a cikin matan da suka shude.Tare da kowane magani, rage haɗarin yana ɗaukar shekaru da yawa ko ya fi tsayi bayan an dakatar da magani.An lura da ƙananan ƙananan kasusuwa a cikin marasa lafiya da ke shan raloxifene.

Shan tamoxifen yana ƙara haɗarin walƙiya mai zafi, ciwon daji na endometrial, bugun jini, cataracts, da gudan jini (musamman a cikin huhu da ƙafafu).Haɗarin samun waɗannan matsalolin yana ƙaruwa sosai a cikin matan da suka girmi shekaru 50 idan aka kwatanta da ƙananan mata.Matan da ke ƙasa da shekaru 50 waɗanda ke da haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansar nono na iya amfana da mafi yawan shan tamoxifen.Haɗarin samun waɗannan matsalolin yana raguwa bayan an dakatar da tamoxifen.Yi magana da likitan ku game da kasada da fa'idodin shan wannan magani.

Shan raloxifene yana ƙara haɗarin ɗigon jini a cikin huhu da ƙafafu, amma ba ya bayyana yana ƙara haɗarin ciwon daji na endometrial.A cikin matan da suka yi jima'i tare da osteoporosis (rage yawan kashi), raloxifene yana rage haɗarin ciwon nono ga matan da ke da babban ko ƙananan hadarin ciwon nono.Ba a sani ba idan raloxifene zai yi tasiri iri ɗaya a cikin matan da ba su da osteoporosis.Yi magana da likitan ku game da kasada da fa'idodin shan wannan magani.

Ana nazarin sauran SERMs a gwaji na asibiti.

Aromatase inhibitors da inactivators

Masu hana Aromatase (anastrozole, letrozole) da masu hanawa (exemestane) suna rage haɗarin sake dawowa da sababbin ciwon nono a cikin matan da ke da tarihin ciwon nono.Masu hana Aromatase kuma suna rage haɗarin cutar kansar nono a cikin mata tare da yanayi masu zuwa:

• Matan postmenopausal masu tarihin kansa na kansar nono.
• Matan da ba su da tarihin kansa na ciwon nono wadanda suka kai shekaru 60 da haihuwa, suna da tarihin ciwon daji na ductal a wuri tare da mastectomy, ko kuma suna da babban hadarin ciwon nono bisa ga kayan aikin Gail (kayan aiki da aka yi amfani da shi don kimanta hadarin nono). kansa).

A cikin mata masu yawan haɗarin ciwon nono, shan masu hana aromatase yana rage yawan isrogen da jiki ke yi.Kafin menopause, ovaries suna yin isrogen ne ta hanyar ovaries da sauran kyallen jikin mace, ciki har da kwakwalwa, kitse, da fata.Bayan menopause, ovaries sun daina yin estrogen, amma sauran kyallen takarda ba sa.Masu hana Aromatase sun toshe aikin wani enzyme da ake kira aromatase, wanda ake amfani da shi don yin dukkanin estrogen na jiki.Aromatase inactivators sun hana enzyme daga aiki.

Matsalolin da za a iya samu daga shan masu hana aromatase sun hada da tsoka da ciwon haɗin gwiwa, osteoporosis, zafi mai zafi, da jin gajiya sosai.

3. Mastectomy na rage haɗari

Wasu matan da ke da haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansar nono na iya zaɓar yin mastectomy mai rage haɗari (cire nono biyu lokacin da babu alamun ciwon daji).Hadarin cutar sankarar nono ya ragu sosai a cikin waɗannan matan kuma galibi suna jin ƙarancin damuwa game da haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansar nono.Duk da haka, yana da matukar muhimmanci a yi nazarin haɗarin cutar kansa da kuma ba da shawara game da hanyoyi daban-daban don hana ciwon nono kafin yanke wannan shawarar.

4. Zubar da ciki

Ovaries suna yin mafi yawan estrogen da jiki ke yi.Magungunan da ke dakatarwa ko rage yawan adadin isrogen da ovaries ke yi sun hada da tiyata don cire ovaries, maganin radiation, ko shan wasu magunguna.Ana kiran wannan ablation na ovarian.

Matan da suka riga sun kasance waɗanda ke da babban haɗari na ciwon nono saboda wasu canje-canje a cikin kwayoyin BRCA1 da BRCA2 na iya zaɓar su sami oophorectomy mai rage haɗari (cire duka ovaries lokacin da babu alamun ciwon daji).Wannan yana rage adadin isrogen da jiki ke yi kuma yana rage haɗarin kansar nono.Oophorectomy mai rage haɗari kuma yana rage haɗarin cutar kansar nono a cikin matan da suka riga sun yi al'ada da kuma mata waɗanda ke da haɗarin kansar nono saboda radiation a ƙirji.Duk da haka, yana da matukar muhimmanci a sami kimanta haɗarin cutar kansa da shawarwari kafin yanke wannan shawarar.Faɗuwar matakan isrogen na kwatsam na iya haifar da alamun haila don farawa.Waɗannan sun haɗa da walƙiya mai zafi, matsalar barci, damuwa, da damuwa.Tasirin dogon lokaci sun haɗa da raguwar motsa jiki, bushewar farji, da rage yawan kashi.

5. Samun isasshen motsa jiki

Matan da ke motsa jiki na sa'o'i hudu ko fiye a mako suna da ƙananan haɗarin cutar kansar nono.Tasirin motsa jiki a kan haɗarin ciwon nono na iya zama mafi girma a cikin matan da suka riga sun yi mazan jiya waɗanda ke da nauyin al'ada ko ƙasa.

Ba a bayyana ko abubuwan da ke biyowa suna shafar haɗarin cutar kansar nono ba:

1. Hormonal hana haihuwa

Hanyoyin hana haihuwa na Hormonal sun ƙunshi estrogen ko estrogen da progestin.Wasu nazarin sun nuna cewa matan da ke amfani da maganin hana haihuwa na hormonal a halin yanzu ko na baya-bayan nan na iya samun karuwa kadan a cikin hadarin ciwon nono.Sauran nazarin ba su nuna haɗarin ciwon nono ba a cikin mata masu amfani da maganin hana haihuwa na hormonal.

A cikin binciken daya, haɗarin ciwon daji na nono ya ƙaru kaɗan yayin da mace ta yi amfani da maganin hana haihuwa na hormonal.Wani bincike ya nuna cewa ɗan ƙaramin haɗarin cutar kansar nono ya ragu cikin lokaci lokacin da mata suka daina amfani da maganin hana haihuwa na hormonal.

Ana buƙatar ƙarin nazari don sanin ko maganin hana haihuwa na hormonal yana shafar haɗarin mace na ciwon daji na nono.

2. Muhalli

Bincike bai tabbatar da cewa kamuwa da wasu abubuwa a cikin muhalli ba, kamar sinadarai, yana kara haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansar nono.

Bincike ya nuna cewa wasu abubuwan ba su da wani tasiri ko kaɗan akan haɗarin cutar kansar nono.

Abubuwan da ke biyo baya ba su da ɗan tasiri ko rashin tasiri akan haɗarin ciwon nono:

• Ciwon ciki.
• Yin canje-canjen abinci kamar cin ƙarancin mai ko ƙarin 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari.
• Shan bitamin, ciki har da fenretinide (nau'in bitamin A).
• Shan taba sigari, duka masu aiki da kuma m (shakar hayaki na hannu).
• Yin amfani da deodorant na ƙarƙashin hannu ko antiperspirant.
• Shan statins (magungunan rage cholesterol).
• Shan bisphosphonates (magungunan da ake amfani da su don magance osteoporosis da hypercalcemia) ta baki ko ta hanyar jiko.
• Canje-canje a cikin rhythm ɗin ku (na jiki, tunani, da sauye-sauyen ɗabi'a waɗanda duhu da haske suka fi shafa a cikin zagayowar sa'o'i 24), wanda ƙayyadaddun ayyukan dare ko adadin hasken da ke cikin ɗakin kwanan ku da dare zai iya shafar su.

Source:http://www.chinancpcn.org.cn/cancerMedicineClassic/guideDetail?sId=CDR257994&type=1