Menene CAR-T (Cell T-receptor na Chimeric Antigen Receptor)?
Da farko, bari mu dubi tsarin garkuwar jikin dan adam.
Tsarin garkuwar jiki ya ƙunshi hanyar sadarwa ta ƙwayoyin halitta, kyallen jiki, da gabobin jiki waɗanda ke aiki tare don kare jiki. Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman ƙwayoyin halitta da ke cikinsa sune ƙwayoyin jinin fari, waɗanda ake kira leukocytes, waɗanda ke zuwa cikin nau'i biyu na asali waɗanda ke haɗuwa don neman da kuma lalata ƙwayoyin cuta ko abubuwa masu haifar da cututtuka.
Babban nau'ikan leukocytes guda biyu sune:
Ø phagocytes, ƙwayoyin halitta da ke tauna ƙwayoyin cuta masu mamaye
Ø lymphocytes, ƙwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke ba jiki damar tunawa da gane mahara da suka gabata kuma suna taimaka wa jiki ya lalata su
Ana ɗaukar ƙwayoyin halitta daban-daban a matsayin phagocytes. Nau'in da ya fi yawa shine neutrophil, wanda galibi yake yaƙi da ƙwayoyin cuta. Idan likitoci suna damuwa game da kamuwa da cuta ta ƙwayoyin cuta, za su iya yin odar gwajin jini don ganin ko majiyyaci yana da ƙaruwar adadin neutrophils da kamuwa da cuta ta haifar. Sauran nau'ikan phagocytes suna da nasu ayyukan don tabbatar da cewa jiki yana amsawa daidai ga takamaiman nau'in mai mamayewa.
Nau'ikan lymphocytes guda biyu sune B lymphocytes da T lymphocytes. Lymphocytes suna farawa daga cikin ƙashi kuma ko dai su tsaya a can su girma zuwa ƙwayoyin B, ko kuma su tafi zuwa glandar thymus, inda suke girma zuwa ƙwayoyin T. B lymphocytes da T lymphocytes suna da ayyuka daban-daban: B lymphocytes suna kama da tsarin leƙen asiri na soja na jiki, suna neman abubuwan da suke so kuma suna aika kariya don kulle su. T cells suna kama da sojoji, suna lalata mahara da tsarin leƙen asiri ya gano.
Tsarin garkuwar jiki ya ƙunshi hanyar sadarwa ta ƙwayoyin halitta, kyallen jiki, da gabobin jiki waɗanda ke aiki tare don kare jiki. Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman ƙwayoyin halitta da ke cikinsa sune ƙwayoyin jinin fari, waɗanda ake kira leukocytes, waɗanda ke zuwa cikin nau'i biyu na asali waɗanda ke haɗuwa don neman da kuma lalata ƙwayoyin cuta ko abubuwa masu haifar da cututtuka.
Babban nau'ikan leukocytes guda biyu sune:
Ø phagocytes, ƙwayoyin halitta da ke tauna ƙwayoyin cuta masu mamaye
Ø lymphocytes, ƙwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke ba jiki damar tunawa da gane mahara da suka gabata kuma suna taimaka wa jiki ya lalata su
Ana ɗaukar ƙwayoyin halitta daban-daban a matsayin phagocytes. Nau'in da ya fi yawa shine neutrophil, wanda galibi yake yaƙi da ƙwayoyin cuta. Idan likitoci suna damuwa game da kamuwa da cuta ta ƙwayoyin cuta, za su iya yin odar gwajin jini don ganin ko majiyyaci yana da ƙaruwar adadin neutrophils da kamuwa da cuta ta haifar. Sauran nau'ikan phagocytes suna da nasu ayyukan don tabbatar da cewa jiki yana amsawa daidai ga takamaiman nau'in mai mamayewa.
Nau'ikan lymphocytes guda biyu sune B lymphocytes da T lymphocytes. Lymphocytes suna farawa daga cikin ƙashi kuma ko dai su tsaya a can su girma zuwa ƙwayoyin B, ko kuma su tafi zuwa glandar thymus, inda suke girma zuwa ƙwayoyin T. B lymphocytes da T lymphocytes suna da ayyuka daban-daban: B lymphocytes suna kama da tsarin leƙen asiri na soja na jiki, suna neman abubuwan da suke so kuma suna aika kariya don kulle su. T cells suna kama da sojoji, suna lalata mahara da tsarin leƙen asiri ya gano.
Fasahar ƙwayoyin T ta Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR): wani nau'in maganin rigakafi ne na ƙwayoyin halitta (ACI). Kwayoyin T na marasa lafiya suna bayyana CAR ta hanyar fasahar sake gina kwayoyin halitta, wanda ke sa ƙwayoyin T masu tasiri su fi mayar da hankali, suna mutuwa kuma suna dawwama fiye da ƙwayoyin rigakafi na gargajiya, kuma suna iya shawo kan yanayin ƙwayoyin cuta na gida na rage garkuwar jiki da kuma karya juriyar garkuwar jiki. Wannan magani ne na musamman na maganin ƙari na ƙwayoyin rigakafi.
Ka'idar CART ita ce a cire "nau'in da aka saba" na ƙwayoyin T na garkuwar jiki na majiyyaci sannan a ci gaba da aikin injiniyan kwayoyin halitta, a haɗa su a cikin vitro don gano manyan makaman antipersonnel "chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)", sannan a sake mayar da ƙwayoyin T da suka canza cikin jikin majiyyaci, sabbin masu karɓar ƙwayoyin halitta da aka gyara za su zama kamar shigar da tsarin radar, wanda zai iya jagorantar ƙwayoyin T don gano da kuma lalata ƙwayoyin cutar kansa.
Amfanin CART a BPIH
Saboda bambance-bambancen da ke cikin tsarin yankin siginar ƙwayoyin halitta, CAR ta haɓaka tsararraki huɗu. Muna amfani da sabuwar ƙarni na CART.
1sttsarawa: Akwai siginar sigina guda ɗaya kawai a cikin ƙwayoyin halitta kuma tasirin hana ƙari bai yi kyau ba.
2ndtsara: An ƙara wani ƙwayar halitta mai ƙarfafawa bisa ga ƙarni na farko, kuma an inganta ikon ƙwayoyin T na kashe ƙari.
3rdtsara: Dangane da ƙarni na biyu na CAR, ikon ƙwayoyin T na hana yaduwar ƙari da kuma haɓaka apoptosis ya inganta sosai.
4thTsarin halitta: Kwayoyin CAR-T za su iya shiga cikin share yawan ƙwayoyin tumor ta hanyar kunna NFAT mai aiki a ƙasa don haifar da interleukin-12 bayan CAR ta gane antigen da ake nufi.
Tsarin magani
1) Keɓewar ƙwayoyin jinin fararen fata: Ana ware ƙwayoyin T na majiyyaci daga jinin da ke kewaye;
2) Kunna ƙwayoyin T: ana amfani da beads na maganadisu (ƙwayoyin dendritic na wucin gadi) waɗanda aka lulluɓe da ƙwayoyin rigakafi don kunna ƙwayoyin T;
Canja wurin Kwayoyin Halitta: An ƙera ƙwayoyin T don bayyana CAR a cikin vitro.
3) Ƙarfafawa: Ana ƙara ƙwayoyin T da aka gyara ta hanyar halitta a cikin vitro.
4) Maganin Chemotherapy: Ana yi wa majiyyaci magani kafin a sake haɗa ƙwayoyin T;
5) Sake yin amfani da kwayoyin halitta: Kwayoyin T da aka gyara suna sake shiga cikin majiyyaci.
Fa'idodi:
1)Kwayoyin CAR T suna da matuƙar tasiri a jiki kuma suna iya kashe ƙwayoyin ciwon daji waɗanda ke da takamaiman antigen yadda ya kamata.
2)Maganin ƙwayoyin CAR-T yana buƙatar ƙarancin lokaci. CAR T yana buƙatar mafi ƙarancin lokaci don haɓaka ƙwayoyin T saboda yana buƙatar ƙananan ƙwayoyin halitta a ƙarƙashin tasirin magani iri ɗaya. Za a iya rage zagayowar al'adar vitro zuwa makonni 2, wanda hakan ya rage lokacin jira sosai.
3)CAR ba wai kawai tana iya gane antigens na peptide ba, har ma da sukari da lipid antigens, wanda ke faɗaɗa kewayon antigens na ƙari. Maganin CAR T kuma ba ya iyakance ga antigens na furotin na ƙwayoyin ƙari. CAR T na iya amfani da sukari da lipid antigens marasa furotin na ƙwayoyin ƙari don gano antigens a cikin girma daban-daban.
4)CAR-T yana da wani nau'in sake haifuwa mai faɗi. Tunda wasu wurare suna bayyana a cikin ƙwayoyin ƙari da yawa, kamar EGFR, ana iya amfani da kwayar halittar CAR don wannan antigen sosai da zarar an gina ta.
5)Kwayoyin CAR T suna da aikin ƙwaƙwalwar garkuwar jiki kuma suna iya rayuwa a cikin jiki na dogon lokaci. Yana da matuƙar muhimmanci a hana sake dawowar ciwon daji.